New patent, Opicapone, WO 2019123066, Unichem
WO-2019123066
Process for the preparation of opicapone and its intermediates, useful for treating parkinson's disease. Bial-Portela has developed and launched opicapone, for treating Parkinson's disease.
Opicapone is a selective and reversible catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, use as adjunctive therapy for parkinson’s disease. Opicapone was approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on June 24, 2016 and it is developed and marketed as ONGENTYS® by Bial-Portela in Europe. Opicapone is chemically described as 2,5-dichloro-3-(5-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-4,6-dimethylpyridine-l-oxide and depicted below as compound of formula (I).
Opicapone and a process for preparation of it is disclosed in US 8,168,793. The process disclosescondensation of 3, 4-dibenzyloxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid with (Z)-2, 5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethylnicotinimidamide in presence of N, N’-Carbonyl diimidazole in N, N’-dimethylformamide. The crude condensation intermediate was subjected to tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) mediated cyclization in tetrahydrofuran to give l,2,4-oxadiazole derivative, purifying it by precipitating in 1:1 mixture of dichloromethane: diethyl ether and recrystallized it in isopropyl alcohol. Oxidation of l,2,4-oxadiazole compound is carried out using 10 fold excess of urea hydrogen peroxide complex and trifluoroacetic anhydride in dichloromethane and was purified by column chromatography. Obtained N-oxide compound was converted into opicaponecompound of formula (I) by deprotection O-benzoyl groups by exposure it to boron tribromide (BBr3) in dichloromethane at -78°C to room temperature. Final product was purified in mixture of toluene and ethanol. Above synthetic stepsare outline in scheme 1.
c eme
This process has several drawbacks like cyclization reaction involve use of TBAF and THF. Use of expensive TBAF, leads to high cost in the production and therefore uneconomical for industrial production, whereas use of THF during this reaction has limitation due to peroxide contents. . Similarly diethyl ether is a potential fire hazard and can form peroxides rapidly and thus should be avoided in commercial scale production. Above cyclization is also carried out in presence of DMF and CDI at l20°C.
Similar approach was reported in W02008094053 which describes preparation of opicapone by one pot cyclization of 3,4-dibenzyloxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid with (Z)-2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide using N,N'-Carbonyl diimidazole in N,N'-dimethylformamide followed by heating the reaction mixture at l35°C for 5 hours to obtain l,2,4-oxadiazole derivative. This oxadiazole derivative was purified by recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol. Further oxidation using urea hydrogen peroxide complex followed by o-debenzylation using boron tribromide (BBr3) was achieved to obtain Opicapone.
This process also suffers from drawback like use of elevated temperature (l35°C) and use of expensive BBr3.
US 9,126,988 also disclose process for the preparation of opicapone, whichinvolves several chemical steps: 1) nitrating vanillic acid in presence of nitric acid in acetic acidfollowed by recrystallization with acetic acid to get nitro compound with yield 40-46%; 2)which converted into acid chloride compoundby treating it with thionyl chloride in presence of catalytic amount of N, N-dimethylformamide in dichloromethane or l,4-dioxane; 3) condensing acid chloride compound with (Z)-2, 5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethylnicotinimidamide in presence of excess amount of pyridine in N,N-dimethyl acetamide/ tetrahydrofuran/ dichloromethane or l,4-dioxane at 5-10 °C and then heating the reaction mixture at H0-l l5°C for 5-6 hours to get 1,2,4-oxadiazole compound; 4) which was oxidized using urea hydrogen peroxide complex and trifluoroacetic anhydride in dichloromethane to get N-oxide product which was purified by repeated recrystallization (2 or more times) using mixture of formic acid and toluene to get pure product with 59% yield; 5) O-methyl group was deprotected using aluminium chloride and pyridine in N-Methyl pyrrolidone at 60 C to obtain opicapone. After completion of reaction, the crude product was isolated by quenching the reaction mixture in mixture cone. HC1: water followed by filtration, washing with water: isopropyl alcohol and recrystallization from ethanol. Final purification was done in mixture of formic acid and isopropyl alcohol. Above synthetic steps are outline in scheme 2.
Scheme 2
As described above, cited literature processes suffers from some drawbacks like elevated reaction temperature and longer duration, use of excess amount of pyridine for cyclization reaction which is difficult to handle on large scale preparation. Another drawback of reported procedure is unsafe workup procedures for isolation of N-oxide as residual peroxides were not quenched by any peroxide quenching reagent. Also repeated crystallizations (more than two) are required for purification of N-oxide derivative to remove unreacted starting material which is tedious and time consuming process. Also for its purification mixture of solvent i.e. formic acid and toluene are used which hamper its recovery and is not cost effective process.
US 9,126,988 also disclosed process for the preparation of 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide compound of formula (IV), in which 2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile compound of formula (VIII) was reacted with hydroxyl amine solution in the presence of catalytic amount of 1,10-phenanthroline in methanokwater at 70-80°C for 6 hrs. After completion reaction mixture was cooled, filtered and dried to get 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (88%).
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13 (2005) 5740-5749, Karl Bailey et.al. disclosed process for preparation of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid compound of formula (Ilia). In which a solution of Cr03, concentrated H2S04 and water was added to solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzaldehyde in acetone and water. The obtained solution was stirred for 24 hrs and then isopropanol was added to eliminate any unreacted Cr(VI) species to obtained crude green sludge, which was extracted into ethyl acetate and washed with 1M HC1 to remove remaining Cr(III) species. Obtained product is then recrystallized from water and ethanol to yield 69 % of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid compound of formula (Ilia).
US 5,358, 948 also disclosed process for preparation of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid compound of formula (Ilia). In which a solution of potassium permanganate was added to a solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzaldehyde in acetone. The mixture was then stirred at 20°C for 18 hrs togives 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid compound of formula (Ilia) with 72% yield.
Disadvantage of the above cited literature (Karl Bailey et.al and US’ 948) processes are harsh, acidic condition and involve expensive reagents. The process is both uneconomical and time consuming, (18-24 hrs) hence not suitable for commercial production.
Oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids, on the other hand, are commonly carried out using KMn04 in acidic or basic media, or K2Cr207 in acidic medium or chromic acid. These heavy metal-based reagents are hazardous and the protocols produce metal wastes that require special handling owing to their toxicities.
It is therefore, desirable to provide efficient, robust, alternative simple process, cost effective process which is used on a large scale and allows product to be easily workup, purified and isolate without the disadvantages mentioned above.
Example 1: Preparation of 3, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid (Ilia).
To a cooled solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzaldehyde (lOOg, 0.474 mole) in DMF (500 ml) was added Oxone (294.1 g, 0.478 mole) lot wise at 5-10 °C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at same temperature, allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2-3 hours. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with 1500 ml of water and filtered. The solid was washed with water until all peroxides removed and drying at 50°C under vacuum afforded 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid of formula (Ilia) (l02g, 95%).
Example 2: Preparation of 2 ,5-dichloro-N' {[(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl) carbonyl]oxy}-4, 6-dimethylpyridine-3-carboximidamide (Va)
To a solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid of formula (Ilia) (5 g, 0.022 mole)in 60 ml of acetonitrile was added N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole (4.28g, 0.026 mole) in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Then was added 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (5.4g, 0.023 mole) and stirring was continued for 3 hours. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with 240 ml of water and 300 ml of dichloromethane. Organic layer was separated and washed with water (200 ml x 3), concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 2,5-dichloro-N'{ [(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]oxy}-4,6-dimethylpyridine-3-carboximidamide of formula (Va) (8.67g, 88.9%).
Example 3: Preparation of 2, 5-dichloro-3-[5-(3, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine (Via)
To a solution of 2,5-dichloro-N'{ [(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]oxy}- 4,6-dimethylpyridine-3-carboximidamide of formula (Va) (0.5g, 0.0011 mole)in 10 ml of dichloromethane was added isopropyl alcohol (1 ml) followed by KOH (0.075g, 0.001 lmole) dissolved in 0.1 ml of water. After stirring for 1 hour at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with 30 ml of dichloromethane and washed with water (lOml x 2). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine of formula (Via) (0.4 g, 83%).
Example 4: Preparation of 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine (Via) (One pot cyclization procedure)
To a stirred solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid formula (Ilia) (lOOg, 0.44 mol)in 1000 ml of dichloromethane was added N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole (86g, 0.53 mole) in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Then was added 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (l08g, 0.46 mole) and stirring was continued for 3 hours. Isopropyl alcohol (200 ml) and KOH (30g, 0.53 mole) dissolved in 30 ml of water was then added to the reaction mixture. After stirring for 1 hour at room temperature the organic layer was washed with water (1000 ml x 2). Solvent was distilled out at atmospheric pressure, added 1000 ml of isopropyl alcohol and suspension was stirred at 55-60°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, stirred for 2 hours and filtered. The solid was washed with isopropyl alcohol (100 ml x 2) and dried at 50-60°C under vacuum to obtain 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine of formula (Via) (l60g, 85%).
Example 5: Preparation of 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine (Via) (cyclization procedure using thionyl chloride)
To a stirred solution of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitro benzoic acid of formula (Ilia) (lOOg, 0.44 mol) in 500 ml of dichloromethane was added 0.4 ml of N,N-dimethyl formamide followed bythionyl chloride (82g, 0.69 mole) drop wise at room temperature and the reaction mixture was heated at 40°C for 4 hours. After completion, dichloromethane and excess of thionyl chloride was distilled out under reduced pressure at 40°C. The obtained residue was dissolved in 500 ml of dichloromethane and was added to pre-cooled mixture of 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (l03g, 0.44 mole) and triethyl amine (73 ml, 0.53 mole) in 500 ml of dichloromethane at 5°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hours. Then was added isopropyl alcohol (200 ml) followed by KOH (62g, 1.1 mole) dissolved in 62 ml of water and stirring was continued for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with 1000 ml of water, 1N aqueous HC1 solution (500ml x 2) followed by 500 ml of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. Solvent was distilled out at atmospheric pressure at 40°C. To the residue was added 1200 ml of methanol and the suspension was stirred at 55-60°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, maintained for 2 hours and filtered. The solid product was washed with methanol (100 ml x 2) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)- 1, 2, 4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4, 6-dimethyl pyridine of formula (Via) (l65g, 88%).
Example 6: Preparation of 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine-l-oxide (Vila)
To a cooled solution of 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine of formula (Via) (25g, 0.0588 mole) in 300 ml of dichloromethane was added urea hydrogen peroxide complex (l8.26g, 0.194 mole) in portions followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (37g, 0.176 mole) maintaining temperature below l0°C. After stirring at 5-l0°C for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was washed with water (300 ml x 2), 300ml of 5% aqueous sodium sulphite solution to quench residual peroxides and finally with 300 ml of water. Dichloromethane layer was distilled out at atmospheric pressure. The obtained solid was suspended in 250 ml of ethyl acetate and 12.5 ml of cone. HC1 was added at room temperature. The resulting suspension was then stirred at 65-70°C for 1 hour and allowed to cool to room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered, solid was washed with ethyl acetate (50 ml x 2) followed by water (50 x 3) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain (5-(3,4-bis(methoxy)-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethylpyridine 1 -oxide of formula (Vila) (18g, 69%).
Example 7: Preparation of 5-[3-(2,5-Dichloro-4,6-dimethyl-l-oxido-3-pyridinyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediol (Opicapone, I)
To a cooled solution of 2,5-dichloro-3-[5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,6-dimethylpyridine-l-oxide of formula (Vila) (25g, 0.056 mole) in 200 ml of N,N-Dimethylformamide was added AlCl3 (l l.34g, 0.085 mol) at 5-l0°C in portions. The reaction mixture was then heated at 85 °C for 6 hours. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured onto cold mixture of cone. HC1 (200 ml) and water (400 ml). The reaction mixture was filtered, solid washed with water (100 ml X 3) followed by methanol (50 ml x2) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 5-[3-(2,5-Dichloro-4, 6-dimethyl- l-oxido-3-pyridinyl)- 1,2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitro- 1,2-benzenediol of formula (I) (22 g, 94%).
Example 8: Preparation of 2, 5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethyl nicotinimidamide of formula (IV)
To a suspension of 2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile of formula (VIII) (lOOg, 0.497 mole) in l,4-dioxane (400 ml) and water (900 ml) was added 50% aqueous solution of hydroxyl amine (l30g) and N-methyl morpholine (50.2g, 0.497) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 70-80°C for 10 hours. After completion, water (1100 ml) was added to the reaction mixture at 70-80°C and allowed to cool to room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours the reaction mixture was filtered, solid was washed with water (200ml x 3) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (68 g, 58%).
Example 9:Preparation of 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV)
To a suspension of 2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile of formula (VIII) (lOOg, 0.497 mole) in methanol (600 ml) and water (800 ml) was added 50% aqueous solution of hydroxyl amine (l30g) and 2-methylpyrazine (7.02g, 0.0746) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 70-80°C for 6-8 hours. After completion, water (800 ml) was added to the reaction mixture at 70-80°C and allowed to cool to room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours the reaction mixture was filtered, solid was washed with water (200ml x 3) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (82 g, 70%).
Example 10: Preparation of 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV)
To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (86.4g, 1.243 mole) in 400 ml of water was added LiOH.H20 (52.7g, 1.25 mole) at room temperature and heated at 50°C for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 300 ml of methanol, 2-methylpyrazine (3.5 lg, 0.037 mole) and 2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile of formula (VIII) (50g, 0.248 mole) at 50°C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 70-80°C for 6 hours. After completion, water (500 ml) was added to the reaction mixture at 70-80°C and allowed to cool to room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours the reaction mixture was filtered, solid was washed with water (lOOml x 3) and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 2,5-dichloro-N'-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnicotinimidamide of formula (IV) (37.6 g, 64%).
Example 11: Purification of 5-[3-(2,5-Dichloro-4,6-dimethyl-l-oxido-3-pyridinyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediol (Opicapone, I)
The crude 5-[3-(2,5-Dichloro-4, 6-dimethyl- l-oxido-3-pyridinyl)- 1,2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediol of formula (I)(25.0g) was suspended in 250 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide and reaction mixture was heated at 60-65°C to obtain clear solution. Then was added 500 ml of methanol and reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. After stirring for 2-3 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered, solid was washed with methanol and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain 5-[3-(2, 5-Dichloro-4, 6-dimethyl- l-oxido-3-pyridinyl)- 1,2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediol of formula (I) (22.0 g, 88%).
/////////////New patent, Opicapone, WO 2019123066, Unichem, WO2019123066
